Engine-governor.



PATENTED AUG. 4 1903.

W. PAYNE. ENGINE GOVERNOR.

APPLICATION FILED 001225, 1901.

N0 MODEL.

UNITED STATES,

Patented Au ust 4, 1903. N

PATENT OFFICE.

DAVID W. PAYNE, on ELMIRA, EW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO SARAHRKATE PAYNE, orELMIRA, NEW YORK. I

ENGINE-GOVERNOR.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent N 0. 735,408, dated ugusfi,ilgq Application filed'OctolJer 25,1901. Serial No. 79,938. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Beit known that I, DAVID W. PAYNE, a citizen of the United States,residing at Elmira, in the county of Ghemung and State of New 5 York,have invented certain new and useful Improvementsin Engine-Governors, ofwhich the following is a specification. I My invention relates tocentrifugalgovernors or regulators for steam or other fluid pressureengines of that class which are aflixed to the fiy-wheel or crank-shaftof the engine or to a shaft rotated thereby and which effect theregulation of the engine-valve by varying the position of a loose oradjustable eccentric or eccentric-pin to which the valve-rod isconnected; and the invention relates more particularly to that'type ofgovernor wherein the centrifugal and inertia efiorts of the weights areutilized to secure isochronous regulation.

The object ofmy invention isto provide a governor of this type which maybe readily adjusted to any required degree of isochronism and whichshall be rendered more stable and at the same time more quick to respondto variations in load, being both sensitive and certain in action.

To this end my invention consists in concentrating the centrifugal andinertia weights about common centers of gravity and so connecting thecentripetal springs to the weight-arms that the moments of the effortsof the springs shall be made to increase as the weights approach thecenter of rota-v tion, and vice versa, and also in so locating theweights with reference to their centers of suspension and the center ofrotation that the components of centrifugal force perpendicular to linesdrawn through the center of suspension and the center of gravity of the4o weights in their several positions will increase as theweightspassfrom their minimum to their maximum extensions.

My governor also differs from those of ordinary construction inthat therelation subsisting-loetween the centrifugal and inertia efiorts is suchthat the centrifugal effort unaided by that of the inertia is sufficientto overcome the resistance ofthe springs and working parts at normalspeed and the ef- 5o fort of inertia becomes operative only when thereis a tendency to depart from that speed,

the position of the center of gravity of but at which time the inertiasupplements the centrifugal effort.

In the usual construction of inertia governors the centrifugal andinertia weights are separate and either integrally united or connectedone with the other by links. Where the two weights are thus, connected,the inertia weight is so positioned relative to the center of suspensionthat the centrifugal. efiort of the weight will be absorbed by thesuspension-pin, and it is held to be inoperative centrifugally asregards the centrifugal weight.

As a matter of fact this is not so, since the two weights beingconnected together the 'centrifugal effort of the mass will act atthecenter of gravity of the combined parts, which is lo cated somewhereon a line joining the centers of gravity of the two weights and atadistance from the center of gravity of the centrifu- '70 gal weightinversely proportional to the two weights. The centrifugal effort of themass then is greater or less than that of the centrifugal weight alone,according as the center of gravity of the mass is at a greater or lessdistance from the center of rotation than the con ter of gravity of thecentrifugal weight. If the two weights be concentrated in one, then thecentrifugal effort will be determined by one weight undisturbed by anysupplemental weight, while the inertia effort will he the sameas beforefor equal radii. In carrying out my invention the center of gravity ofthe weight should be so located with reference to the centers ofsuspension and rotation that the component of the centrifugal efforttending to cause rotation about the center of suspension shall be at amaximum at the extreme outward position of the weight. With a singleweight and spring the systemwill fulfil the conditions of my invention,butwill be out of gravity balance. 'Io obviate this difliculty, anotherweight of the same mass 1 and same momentof inertia is therefore in '95troduced and connected to the first by a link or .links so positionedthat the center of gravity of the entire system will be located at thecenter of-rotation, or approximately so, in order that gravity balancewill be established in all positions of the weights. In thisconstruction the centrifugal and inertia efforts have the samelever-arms, the latter always supplementing the former when there is adeparture from normal speed and the former alone being operative whenthe speed is normal. The point of attachment of the springs and thedirection of their efforts are also of the first importance. In theusual construction the direction of the efforts of the springs is inlines tangent to'the arcs of rotation of the points of attachment aboutthe center of suspension when the system is in mid-position. Byadvancing the points where the springs are attached to the rim of thewheel or governor casing in the direction of rotation and by giving thesprings proper initial tension, which is dependent upon their extension,the moments of the efforts of the springs may be made to increase as theweights move toward the center of rotation, due to an increase in theload or any other tendency to reduced speed. By thus adjusting thepoints of spring attachment the governor will be caused to respond morequickly to changes of speed, and the engine may even be made to runfaster with a load than without, or the adjustment may be such as tomaintain constant speed up to the full capacity of the engine.

I attain the object of my invention by the construction and arrangementof the several parts of the governor, as illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings, in which- Figure 1 is a vertical section, and Fig. 2 a sideelevation, of my governor; and Fig. 3, a diagram illustrating theprinciples under which the governor operates.

Similar letters refer to like parts in the several views.

A represents the engine-shaft or the auxiliary shaft to which thefly-wheel or governorcasing B is attached.

0 and I are the governor-weights, hung, by suitable arms to thesuspension-pins D and J, respectively, which are spaced a suitabledistance from the center of rotation A. The arm of the weight 0 alsocarriesthe pin E or an eccentric, to which the valve connection iscoupled and which is made to approach or recede from the center A,according to the position of the weight 0, thereby regulating the strokeof the valve. The centripetal spring G for the weight 0 is attached atone end to a pin F, secured to the arm of the weight, and at the otherend to a hanger H, fastened to the rim of the casing B. It will benoticed that the angle which the radius D F makes with the medial line FH of the spring is an acute angle and that as the weight 0 is thrown outthis angle will become more acute. To the arm of the weight I at K isattached a similar centripetal spring L, the other end of which isfastened to the hanger M, and the two weights are connected by the linkN, coupled thereto at the points 0 and P. If. we leave out ofconsideration the link N and its connections to the weights 0 and Iand-the valve-rod pin E, it will be seen that the two weights and theirarms if'equal in other respects will balance each other on oppositesides of the shaft A and that the center ofgravity of the system willlie midway in the line connecting the centers of gravity of the weights0 and I or at the center of rotation. The unbalancing of the system byreason of the link N and pin E may be provided for by suitablyproportioning weights 0 and I or by the use of a second link between theweights in a diametrically opposite position to that of link N. However,the weights of these unbalancing parts will be so little in comparisonwith the weights 0 and I that they may be left out of consideration, andthe center of gravity of the system will be approximately at the centerof rotation and will remain in that position no matter what may be theextension of the weights due to centrifugal force. The direction ofrotation of the governor is indicated by the arrow in Fig. 2, and theweights are hung with their arms inclined in the direction of rotation,whereby the inertia effect of the weights will supplement theircentrifugal efforts.

The principles governing the action of a governor arranged and coupledtogether as above described will be understood more clearly by referenceto the diagram shown in Fig. 3. In this diagram, A represents the centerof rotation of the system, and D the center of suspension of the weight0. As the system revolves the centrifugal force or effort of the weight0 at any given position will be in the direction of the line A a,passingthrough the center of rotation and the center of gravity of the weight,and if we lay 0E on this line extended a distance a 1) equal to the unitof centrifugal effort and drop from the point I) to the radius D aextended the line b c perpendicular thereto this line will represent thecomponent of the centrifugal effort which is expended in rotating theweight 0 about its center of suspension D, and the ratio of a b to b 0will represent the ratio of the actual centrifugal effort at anyposition of the weight 0 to its vertical component at that position. Asthe centrifugal effort can be readily calculated for any position of:the weight, this perpendicular component may also he found for anyposition, and the force exerted by the weight at the point of attachmentof the centripetal spring may be readily calculated,- and from this therequired initial tension and extension of the spring may be found forany given point of attachment.

As the weight C is.revolved about the censpending to these positions ofthe weight, and it willbe apparent that the ratio of a b to b willincrease from the position 0 to O and i will decrease from the position0' to C and that therefore the vertical components of the centrifugalefiort will increase from the position O to the position 0' and decreaseif the weight is allowed to pass beyond the position C. As it isessential for the operation of my governor that this vertical componentshall increase as the weight passes from its retracted to its extendedpositions, it is evident that the parts should be so arranged for thebest results that the weight will not pass beyond the position 0'. Infact,if (1 represents the position of the weight at its retractedposition the extended position of the weight :as my governor is arrangedwill fall somewhat short of the position 0.

Now if d represents the lever-arm of the centripetal efiort of thespring G about the center D when the weight is in the position 0 thediagram furthermore shows that if the weight is revolved to the position0 the point of attachment F will pass to the position F,

in which position the lever-arm of the spring will be represented by d,from which it be- ;comes apparent that as the weightpasses fromitsretracted to its extended positions there will be a constant decreasein the moment of the spring, due to this decrease in leverage. It willalso be apparent that by moving the point of attachment of the spring tothe hanger H to the right or left the moment of the spring about thecenter D may be diminished orincreased, respectively, so as to bring thespring and weight to the proper degree of correlative adjustment for theproper oplever-arms of the spring at minimum and,

maximum positions, respectively, then SdX equals moment of the spring atminimum position of. the weightyand Sol (X-I-E) equals moment at maximumposition. If SdX is greater than Sd. (X-l-E), the speed of the enginewill tend to increase with the application of load, since the springwill act more strongly as the Weight moves in, thereby causing, thevalve to be set more quickly and to admit more steam than if the systemis in perfect equilibrium. (X-Hi2), then the governor will be sluggishand the speed of the engine will be reduced as the load ,(ils applied.By solving for X we E have X fore is a function of the extension.

The initial tension there- The usual practice is to make the initialtension sufficient toovercome the resistance of. the

If SdX is less than sd" working parts, disregarding its relation to theextension. To give quick action and avoid unscg able equilibrium, I usethe for- E mnla X sion, making the excess, however, as slight aspossible to answer the purpose, and I am enabled to do this readily byreason of the decreasing lever-arm of the spring.

Without going into a mathematical demonstration, which would onlynecessitate the recital of formulas well known and understood by thoseskilled in the art to which this invention appertains, it may besufficient to state that the governor weights and springs and theircorrelative positions must be so proportioned and arranged as to complywith the following conditions: First, the moments of the weights asregards the points of spring attachment must be greater at their maximumthan at their minimum extension; sec ond, the difierence between thesums of the moments of the eii'orts of inertia and centrifugal forces inthe weights as applied to the points of spring attachment at maximum andminimum positions must be greater than the difference between theturning moments of the springs with reference to the points ofsuspension for the same positions. The effort of the springs will thenbe greater than that of the weights when there is a tendency to reducedmotion by reason of increased load and less than that of the weightswhen the load is decreased. These moments when the speed changes aremodified by the inertia of the weights, which tends to give uniformityof motion at any given speed. Theoretically the excess of springs overweights to efiect the opening of the valve should approximate zero forisochronous regulation; but as this would mean unstable equilibrium theexcess should be as small as possible and yet prevent racing. Ifnecessary, this excess may be increased by advancing the point of springattachment to the rim of the wheel in the direction of rotation-that isto say, to

in determining the initial tenthe right in the figures-or decreased bymoving it in the opposite direction.

By proportioning and ascertaining the weights, spring tensions, andpoints of attachment in the manner above described by means ofwell-known formulas based on. the weight and spring moments and equatingthe centrifugal and centripetal moments so derived to the end that saidmoments shall be in equilibrium at all times, making, however, dueallowance for the frictional resistance of the valve-gear, (and Ibelieve that I am the first to utilize the theory of moments to 'thisend,) I am enabled readily to design a governor for any given enginewhich will be positive in action for every change of speed and whichwill be susceptible of much finer adjustment than any governor withwhich I am acquainted. Moreover, I do away entirely with dash-pots,friction devices,and the like now made use of in overcoming theoversenjsitiveness in this type of governor, and I can even do away withthe usual governor-stops.

Having thus described my improvements, what I claim as my invention, anddesire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. A centrifugal governor of the type described comprising a rotatablebody, a weight carried by an arm pivoted upon said body at a pointeccentric to the center of rotation, said arm being inclined from theline joining the centers of rotation and suspension in the direction ofrotation and at an angle thereto which never exceeds ninety degrees,means whereby said arm will actuate'the valve-gear, and a centripetalspring attached at one end to said body toward the periphery thereof andextending thence between the center of gravity of the weight and thecenters of rotation and suspension to a coupling-pin on the arm, theradius from the center of which pin to the center of suspension makes anangle with the line of spring action which never exceeds ninety degreesand an angle with the line joining the centers of rotation andsuspension which is always in excess of ninety degrees.

2. A centrifugal governor of the type described comprising arotatablebody, a weight carried by an arm pivoted upon said body at a pointeccentric to the center of rotation,

said arm being hung'with reference to the direction of rotation, wherebythe inertia of the weight will supplement the centrifugal effort of theweight in effecting changes in the position thereof, means whereby saidarm will actuate the Valve-gear, and a centripetal spring having one endattached to said body toward the periphery thereof and the other endcoupled to the weight-arm at a point the radius from which to the centerof suspension of said arm makes an angle with the line of spring actionwhich neverexceeds ninety degrees in any .position of the arm and springand an angle with the line joining the centers of rotation andsuspension which is always in excess of ninety degrees.

3. A centrifugal governor of the type described comprising a rotatablebody, a weight carried by an arm pivoted upon said body at a pointeccentric to the center of rotation, said arm being hung with referenceto the direction of rotation, whereby the inertia of the weight willsupplement the centrifugal effort of the weight in effecting changes inthe position thereof, means whereby said arm will actuate the valvegear, and a centripetal spring having one end attached to said bodytoward the periphery thereof and the other end coupled to the weight-armat a point the radius from which to the center of suspension of said armmakes an angle with the line of spring action which never exceeds ninetydegrees in any position of the arm and spring, said spring being givenan initial tension and extension whereby the moments of the springeflforts with reference to said center of suspension are made toincrease, and said weightita ics arm being positioned at an angle to theline joining the centers of suspension and rotation whereby thecomponents of centrifugal force tending to produce rotation of theweight about said center of suspension are made to decrease, as the loadon the engine increases, and vice versa.

4. A centrifugal governor of the type described comprising a rotatablebody, a weight carried by an arm pivoted upon said bodyat a pointeccentric to the center of rotation, said arm being hung with referenceto the direction of rotation, whereby the inertia of the weight willsupplement the centrifugal efiort of the weight in effecting changes inthe position thereof, means whereby said arm will actuate thevalve-gear, and a centripetal spring having one end attached to saidbody toward the periphery thereof and the other end coupled to theweight-arm ata point the radius from which to the center of suspensionof said arm makes an angle with the line of spring action which neverexceeds ninety degrees in any position of the arm and spring, saidspring being given an initial tension which is approximately equal to,or greater than, the product of the lever-arm of the spring, withreference to said center of suspension at the maximum extension of thespring, into the extension of the spring divided by the differencebetween the lever-- arms of the spring at minimum and maximum extension,whereby the moments of the spring efiorts with reference to said center.of suspension are made to increase as the load on the engine increases,and vice versa.

5. Acentrifugal governor of the type described comprising a rotatablebody, a weight carried by an arm pivoted upon said body at a pointeccentric to the center of rotation, said arm being hung with referenceto the direction of rotation, whereby the inertia of the weight willsupplement the centrifugal effort of the weight in effecting changes inthe position thereof, means whereby said arm will actuate thevalve-gear, and acentripetal spring having one end attached to said bodytoward the periphery thereof and the other end' coupled to theweight-arm at apoint the radius from which to the center of suspensionof said arm makes an angle with the line of spring action which neverexceeds ninety degrees-in any position of the arm and spring, saidspring being given an initial tension which is approximately equal to,or greater than, the product of the lever-arm of the spring, withreference to said center of suspension at the maximum extension of thespring, into the extension of the spring divided by the difierencebetween the leverarms of the spring at minimum and maximum extension,and said weight-arm being positioned at an angle to the line joining thecenters of suspension and rotation which also never exceeds ninetydegrees, whereby the difference between the moments of the springefforts at minimum and maximum extension i is made equal to, or lessthan the difference In testimony whereof I have afiixed my sigbetweenthe combined moments of the cennature in presence of two witnesses.trifugal and inertia efforts of the weight with reference to said centerof suspension at the maximum and minimum positions of said Witnesses:weight, substantially as and for the purpose EDITH L. MILLER, set forth.

DAVID W. PAYNE.

M. E. VERBECK.

